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Judge Toby J. Heytens

Nov 23, 2025

Criminal: Officer didn’t use excessive force during arrest

Where a police officer was outnumbered, had probable cause to believe the defendant was brazenly committing a serious drug offense in public and drew his firearm for less than 30 seconds, the defendant’s excessive force claim was rejected.

Oct 20, 2025

Damages: Compensatory damages award moots claim for nominal damages

Where a plaintiff obtained compensatory damages as redress for his injury, he lost the ability to recover nominal damages for that same injury.

Sep 15, 2025

Criminal: Sentencing enhancement wasn’t supported by required factual finding

Where the district court applied a sentencing enhancement for causing at least one victim to make sexually explicit videos after and in response to the defendant’s request, but it made no factual finding supporting this enhancement, the sentence was vacated.

Sep 2, 2025

Search and Seizure: Section 922(g)(5)(A) indictment survives Second Amendment attack

Where the defendant argued that 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(5)(A), which prohibits an unlawful alien from possessing a firearm, violates the Second Amendment, this argument was rejected. Undocumented non-citizens “do not belong to the class of law-abiding members of the political community to whom the Second Amendment gives protection.”

Aug 17, 2025

Criminal: Defendant’s sentence is revoked based on hearsay evidence

Where the district court found that the government provided a sufficient explanation for not producing the strangulation victim at the defendant’s supervised release revocation hearing, and that the totality of the evidence showed the absent witness’s statements were reliable, it did not err in permitting the government to introduce “hearsay evidence” from the complainant.

Apr 28, 2025

Damages: Attorneys’ fees award is vacated and remanded

Where the parties dispute the hourly rates governing an award of attorneys’ fees to the prevailing employees in a Fair Labor Standards Act case, the court must consider all relevant evidence, including lawyer affidavits, fee awards in similar cases, general surveys, fee matrices and its own personal knowledge. The court may not elevate a matrix above all other types of evidence or treat a matrix[...]

Apr 13, 2025

Consumer Protection: Unfair debt collection claim is reinstated

Where a consumer alleged a debtor assessed and attempted to collect late fees of $23.67, although the underlying contract capped such fees at $15.00, he plausibly alleged a violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act.

Dec 16, 2024

Civil rights: Felons challenge voting rights prohibition

Where individuals with felony convictions alleged their inability to vote violates a federal statute (Virginia Readmission Act), and sought an injunction allowing them to register to vote, their claim fell […]

Dec 16, 2024

Criminal: Facial challenge to 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) rejected

Where a man convicted of violating 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), which creates what is often called the “felon-in-possession” offense, argued the statute was facially unconstitutional, his challenge was rejected. The […]

Dec 3, 2024

Civil Practice: Court rejects attempt to initiate suit via fax

Where the district court determined its local rules do not permit filing complaints by fax, it did not err. Background Pro se litigant Jay Folse tried to start a lawsuit […]

Jul 23, 2024

Prisons: Inmate’s suit against prison officials is reinstated

Where an inmate alleged that prison officials violated his rights by violently pulling a contraband phone out of his rectum in a prison shower, the district court erred by granting […]

Jun 24, 2024

Criminal: Court rejects facial challenge to 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)

Where a man convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm argued the statute was unconstitutional, but the government may constitutionally forbid people who have been found guilty […]

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